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Council of Chalcedon
The Council of Chalcedon ( or )〔("Chalcedon" ). Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. (accessed: September 21, 2008).〕 was a church council held from October 8 to November 1, AD 451, at Chalcedon (a city of Bithynia in Asia Minor), on the Asian side of the Bosphorus, known in modern times as Kadıköy in Istanbul Province of Republic of Turkey, although it was then separate from Constantinople. The judgements and definitions of divine nature issued by the council marked a significant turning point in the Christological debates that led to the separate establishment of the church in the Western Roman Empire during the 5th century.〔''The acts of the Council of Chalcedon'' by Council of Chalcedon, Richard Price, Michael Gaddis 2006 ISBN 0-85323-039-0 pages 1–5 ()〕
The Council of Chalcedon was convened by Emperor Marcian, with the reluctant approval of Pope Leo the Great, to set aside the 449 Second Council of Ephesus which would become known as the "Latrocinium" or "Robber Council".〔Cross, F.L.; Livingstone, E.A., eds. (1974). "''Latrocinium''". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.〕 The Council of Chalcedon issued the Chalcedonian Definition, which repudiated the notion of a single nature in Christ, and declared that he has two natures in one person and hypostasis. It also insisted on the completeness of his two natures: Godhead and manhood. The council also issued 27 disciplinary canons governing church administration and authority. In a further decree, later known as the canon 28, the bishops declared the See of Constantinople (New Rome) second only in honor and authority to Rome.
The Council is considered to have been the fourth ecumenical council by the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Catholic Church, the Old Catholics, and various other Western Christian groups. As such, it is recognized as infallible in its dogmatic definitions by the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches (then one church). Most Protestants also consider the concepts of the Trinity and Incarnation as defined at Nicaea (in 325) and Chalcedon to be orthodox doctrine to which they adhere. However, the Council is not accepted by several of the ancient Eastern Churches, Coptic, Ethiopian, Eritrean, Syriac, Malankara Syrian (Indian Orthodox Church) and Armenian Apostolic churches, known as the Oriental Orthodox churches, which teach "The Lord Jesus Christ is God the Incarnate Word. He possesses the perfect Godhead and the perfect manhood. His fully divine nature is united with His fully human nature yet without mixing, blending or alteration" 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Questions and Answers by His Grace Bishop Youssef )〕 which has been misunderstood as monophysitism, a belief which the Oriental Orthodox Churches strongly disagree with according to this source. Nonetheless, the Oriental Orthodox Churches refuse to accept the decrees of the council regarding monophysitism.
Many Anglicans and most Protestants consider it to be the last authoritative ecumenical council.〔''An Episcopal dictionary of the church'' by Donald S. Armentrout, Robert Boak Slocum 2005 ISBN 0-89869-211-3 page 81 ()〕 These churches, per Martin Luther, hold that both conscience and scripture preempt doctrinal councils and generally agree that the conclusions of later councils were unsupported by or contradictory to scripture.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Ecumenical Council )〕
==Historical background==
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